What do you see on the following images?
TB cervical lymphadenitis
Mild progression in size of multiple necrotic lymph nodes in bilateral supraclavicular, axillary regions, at all anterior and posterior cervical chain (more prominent at right side lower anterior cervical chain)
38-year-old with left knee pain.
Showing multiple images:
Left knee X-ray:
STIR:
* Relatively common intramedullary cartilage neoplasms with benign imaging features
* Constitute ~5% (range 3–10%) of all bone tumors and ~17.5% (range 12–24%) of benign bone tumors
* Narrow zone of transition
* Sharply defined margins
* Chondroid calcification, however, purely lytic in the hands/feet
* Sometimes expansile – more commonly in hands/feet
* Mild endosteal scalloping
* Do not “grow” through cortex (unless pathologic fracture)
* No bone destruction
* No periosteal reaction
* No soft tissue mass
* Pathological fracture
* Malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma
* Bone infarct
* Chondrosarcoma
* Intraosseous ganglion
* Murphey MD, Flemming DJ, Boyea SR et-al. Enchondroma versus chondrosarcoma in the appendicular skeleton: differentiating features. Radiographics. 18 (5): 1213-37. Radiographics (abstract) – Pubmed citation
* Walden MJ, Murphey MD, Vidal JA. Incidental enchondromas of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190 (6): 1611-5. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.2796 – Pubmed citation
* Douis H, Saifuddin A. The imaging of cartilaginous bone tumours. I. Benign lesions. Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41 (10): 1195-212. doi:10.1007/s00256-012-1427-0 – Pubmed citation
* Mulligan ME. How to Diagnose Enchondroma, Bone Infarct, and Chondrosarcoma. (2019) Current problems in diagnostic radiology. 48 (3): 262-273. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.04.002 – Pubmed
What do you see on the following images?
Peritonsillar abscess
30-year-old male:
· Persistent pain in his right ankle, for a year long, a synovial mass was demonstrated on ultrasound. · Ankle MRI was performed
* Benign proliferative condition affecting the synovial membrane. Most commonly monoarticular
* MRI: Mass-like synovial proliferation with lobulated margins and articular erosions
– Signal -> T1: low-intermediate ; DPFS/STIR: heterogeneous with areas of high signal ; GE: blooming artifact ; T1GD: variable enhancement.
Differential diagnosis includes:
* Scarring – capsulitis
* Siderotic synovitis
* Synovial sarcoma
What do you see on the following images?
Finger in glove; ABPA
Asthma
Patient with right-sided iliac pain:
Appendicitis
– 53-year-old male
– Left adrenal nodule was incidentally found on a CT scan
– MRI was performed for better characterization
– Left adrenal nodule with loss of signal intensity on out-of-phase image
Adrenal adenoma:
– The most important characteristic feature is the presence of intracellular lipid.
– Chemical shift imaging is the most reliable technique for diagnosing adrenal adenoma: most of them demonstrate a loss of signal intensity on out-of-phase MR images.
There are three cardinal features:
– Bilateral undescended testicles
– Dilated urinary tract
– Deficient abdominal wall musculature.
These manifestations place patients with prune belly syndrome at risk for testicular malignancy, infertility, urinary tract infections, and renal failure.
The Prune Belly syndrome is also known as:
– Eagle-Barrett syndrome
– Abdominal musculation syndrome
– PBS has a contemporary incidence of 3.6–3.8 per 100,000 live male births
– It is a predominantly male diagnosis as <5% of those diagnosed are female
– A deficiency of abdominal musculature leading to a wrinkled “prune- like” appearance of the abdominal wall.
– Bilateral intra-abdominal testes.
– Urinary tract dysmorphism. The urinary tract anomalies are characterized by differing degrees of renal dysplasia, hydronephrosis, dilated tortuous ureters, an enlarged bladder and a dilated prostatic urethra.
– Only 5% of PBS diagnoses are female.
– Females exhibit only deficiency of abdominal wall musculature and the anomalous urinary tract without any gonadal abnormality.
– 75% of children with PBS have non-urinary tract abnormalities
– These abnormalities include respiratory (58%, e.g. pulmonary hypoplasia), cardiac (25%, e.g. patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot), gastrointestinal (63%, e.g. constipation, incomplete rotation of the midgut) and musculoskeletal anomalies (65%, e.g. talipes equinovarus, scoliosis, hip dysplasia)
The incidence of prematurity in the PBS population is nearly 50%.
– Perinatal mortality ranges between 10 and 29% in contemporary studies.
– Perinatal mortality is directly connected to the level of prematurity and severity of pulmonary hypoplasia.
Hydroureteronephrosis is almost always present and most commonly bilateral.
– The distal ureter is usually where massive dilation occurs; however the presentation is variable.
– Hydroureteronephrosis is almost never due to obstruction within the ureter, rather, lower urinary tract obstruction (posterior urethral valves), vesicoureteral reflux, and a histologic deficiency of smooth muscle and preponderance of fibrous tissue in the ureters leading to ineffective peristalsis
53-year-old female:
– Chronic sensory polyneuropathy (autoimmune). Long-term corticosteroid therapy.
– Forefoot pain for three weeks (acute onset without trauma).
– Physical examination: no haematoma , mild swelling.
– X-ray performed on day 2 after initial pain.
– MRI performed on day 25 after initial pain.
X-Ray: No obvious fracture.
MRI:
– Bone marrow heterogeneous oedema within the third metatarsal diaphysis (hypointense on T1W image, hyperintense on Proton Density (PD) FatSat image).
– Linear low signal intensity fracture identified in all sequences.
– Periosteal reaction due to callus formation. Periosteal thickening and enhancement (contrast administration is not necessary for diagnosis).
– Surrounding soft-tissue oedema (adjacent fat and interosseous muscles).
– Stress fractures are caused by overuse and repetitive activity.
– Everyday activities may result in a stress fracture if there is any disease or therapy that weakens the bone such as osteoporosis or long-term use of steroids (bone insufficiency: long-term treatment with steroids in this case).
– Classically affects the 2nd or 3rd metatarsal of the foot “march fracture”: named after its prevalence in soldiers who often undertake repeated and prolonged periods of walking as part of their training or work.
– Bone changes are usually not evident on X-rays before 10 to 21 days following the injury. May not be visible for several weeks later, until callus bone formation (the sensitivity range, for detecting stress fractures on initial examinations, is 15-35%; it increases to 30-70% at follow-up studies due to bone reaction).
MRI findings:
– The fluid-sensitive sequences (T2-weighted images with chemically selective fat suppression or STIR sequences) are very useful for the detection of the earliest changes of stress reaction, such as periosteal reaction, muscle, or bone marrow oedema.
– T1-weighted sequences depict the anatomy and more advanced stress-related findings.
Grading based on MRI (Arendt and Griffiths)🙂
1: Mild – moderate periosteal oedema on STIR, no marrow changes.
2: Moderate – severe periosteal oedema on STIR + marrow changes on T2-weighted.
3: Grade 2+ marrow changes on T1-weighted.
4: Fracture line visible.
