Patient with right-sided iliac pain:
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Appendicitis
Patient with right-sided iliac pain:
Appendicitis
Dehiscent left jugular bulb
Absence of the sigmoid plate that normally separates the jugular bulb from the middle ear cavity with a resultant bulging of the jugular bulb into the middle ear cavity
94-year-old female:
– Lower consciousness. E1M3V2
– CT brain: Ischemia? Bleeding? Malignancy?
Complete hypodense right hemisphere with no grey-white matter differentiation possible indicative of ischemia. Large mass effect with subfalcine herniation (midline shift), uncal, and transtentorial herniation. Obliteration basal cisternsOld infarct left frontal and global cortical atrophy
Dx: Malignant medial artery infarction
Coincidental finding: Bilateral course calcifications in basal ganglia and dentate nuclei
Dx: M. Fahr: striato pallido dentate calcinosis
54-year-old man with dorsolumbar irradiated left leg pain and paresthesias
CT: Slightly insufflating lytic lesion in the left pedicle, with thickened vertical trabeculae (“polka dot sign”)
MRI: The lesions show high signal on T2 and STIR sequences, with small foci of T1 hyperintensity within the lesions suggesting fatty component. Soft tissue component with the same characteristics and avidly enhancing. Note the spinal canal secondary stenosis, cord displacement and compression
Aggressive vertebral hemangioma with soft tissue component
Dear Friends,
Presenting a new case of “Big little findings”. Preoperative chest radiograph for meniscus surgery in a 56-year-old woman.
What do you see?
Findings: PA view shows a small right hemithorax. There is elevation of the right hemidiaphragm and a small hilum (A, red arrow). The findings are very suggestive of RLL lobectomy. The oblique fissure in the RLL represents the displaced minor fissure (A, white arrow). Previous CT shows a normal-size right lung with a ground-glass opacity in the RLL (B, arrow).
Final diagnosis: RLL lobectomy for adenocarcinoma of the lung
I am showing this case to discuss displacement of the lung fissures, an important finding that can indicate partial collapse of the underlying lobe. Usually, lobar collapse is detected because of the increased opacity of the lobe. Occasionally, the collapsed lobe retains much of its air, so a shift of the fissure may be the only sign of collapse.
A potential pitfall of fissure displacement is previous surgery, as seen in the case presented. In my experience, excluding previous surgery, aerated lobar collapse occurs mainly in the following conditions:
1. Inflammatory peripheral lung disease
2. Central lobar bronchial obstruction
3. Rounded atelectasis
NORMAL ANATOMY
The right minor fissure is visible in about 50% of chest radiographs as a straight horizontal line at the level of the right hilum (Fig. 1, A and B) The right and left major fissures are not visible in the PA film because their course is not tangential to the x-ray beam. (A, curved dotted lines). They are both visible as oblique lines in the lateral view (B).
Inflammatory lesions can cause scarring which diminishes the size of the affected lobe. TB is the most common cause in upper lobes. Bronchiectasis is the predominant cause in lower lobes. Both conditions can show an aerated lobe with loss of volume (Figs. 3-5).
Central lobar bronchial obstruction is occasionally associated with aerated lobar collapse. It is thought to be due to collateral air ventilation through incomplete fissures (Figs. 6-7).
Unenhanced axial CT confirms the marked LUL collapse (C, white arrow) secondary to endobronchial obstruction (C, red arrow). CT taken one year earlier shows an endobronchial lesion (D, red arrow) and discrete forward displacement of the major fissure (D,E, white arrows). These changes were overlooked. Surgical diagnosis: bronchogenic carcinoma
Rounded atelectasis is a common cause of fissure displacement. It occurs secondary to spiral folding of the lung parenchyma when fixed by thickened pleura. The consequence is a peripheral rounded opacity in an aerated collapsed lobe. The volume loss, detected by the displaced fissure, avoids possible confusion with a true nodule in the plain film.
Axial and sagittal CT confirm displacement of the left major fissure (C and D, white arrows), the small LLL, and the posterior rounded atelectasis (C, red arrow).
As a final thought, occasionally you may find fissure displacement without an apparent cause (Fig. 10).
Follow Dr. Pepe’s advice:
1. A displaced fissure may be the only manifestation of aerated lobar collapse (always exclude previous surgery).
2. Most common causes:
a) Peripheral lobar inflammatory disease
b) Central bronchial obstruction
c) Rounded atelectasis
This week the European Board of Radiology is celebrating the Edutainment week with a lot of activities. Prof. Cáceres has joined the celebration and has prepared a special quiz that will take place on Thursday 18 at 12:00 CET. Are you up to the challenge? Join it here!
The three participants with the highest scores will receive a photo signed by Dr. Pepe!
17-year-old patient with leg pain, worsening at night and improving with acetylsalicylic acid intake.
Cortical bone reaction of the tibia mainly characterized by thickening with small lytic zone with central punctate calcification in the epicenter (nidus)
Osteoid osteoma. Characteristic location, imaging and clinical presentation
29-year-old long-distance athlete presenting with 3 weeks of sciatica associated with an increase of running training loads
What do you see?
Unilateral sacral bone edema T2W, STIR hyperintensity associated with hypointense fracture line
Fatigue stress fracture
The sacrum is a frequent site for stress fractures
They can be related to overload occurring in a healthy bone as in this case, or related to osteoporosis (insufficiency stress fractures) in which cases they tend to be bilateral and “h- shaped”
Regarding the following X-Ray:
Metaphysis of the base of the fourth middle phalanx.
Expansile lytic lesion (bubbly appearance) with narrow zone of transition, no cortical break through, and no soft-tissue component.
Enchondroma: Enchondromas have variable imaging appearances but are typically lytic lesions with non-aggressive features. They could show chondroid calcifications (rings and arcs calcification). But in the hands and feet they are typically purely lytic with no matrix.
Eosinophilic granuloma: It mainly involves the diaphysis and does not cross the growth plates. It appears as punched out lytic lesions without sclerotic rim. Imaging appearance in the long bones depends on the phase of the disease which is imaged. It can look aggressive in the initial phase. In the healing phase it can show solid benign periosteal reaction.
Fibrous dysplasia.Usually shows ground-glass matrix but may be completely lucent or sclerotic. Well-circumscribed lesions with no periosteal reaction may lead to premature fusion of growth plates leading to short stature in the lower limbs and bowing deformities (Shepherd’s Crook deformity of the femoral neck)
Diagnosis: Enchondroma
What are the associated syndromes with multiple enchondromas?
Ollier disease: multiple enchondromas are usually confined to one side of the body and limited to the limbs. There is increased risk of chondrosarcoma
Maffucci syndrome: multiple enchondromas with soft-tissue haemangiomas
18-years-old male:
* Rigid abdomen and generalised tenderness
* Pain lower abdomen
* CRP 250
Diagnosis Perforated sigmoid diverticulitis (Hinchey 3 or 4, peritonitis)
> Mesenterial fatty infiltration, free air bubbled outside bowel lumen.
> Also subdiaphragmal free air and free fluid.
> Notice enlarged reactive lymph nodes and peritoneal thickening and enhancement, indicative of peritonitis.
> Patient was operated, free faeces was found in the abdomen.
Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis:
* Stage 1a: phlegmon
* Stage 1b: diverticulitis with pericolic or mesenteric abscess
* Stage 2: diverticulitis with walled off pelvic abscess
* Stage 3: diverticulitis with generalised purulent peritonitis
* Stage 4: diverticulitis with generalised faecal peritonitis